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Too Many Women
The Sex Ratio Question
Guttentag and Secord
IN THEIR 1983 book, Too Many Women? The Sex Ratio Question, two psychologists developed what has become known as the Guttentag-Secord theory, which holds that members of the gender in shorter supply are less dependent on their partners, because they have a greater number of alternative relationships available to them; that is, they have greater "dyadic power" than members of the sex in oversupply. How this plays out, however, varies drastically between genders.
In societies where men heavily outnumber women - in what's known as a "high-sex-ratio society" - women are valued and treated with deference and respect and use their high dyadic power to create loving, committed bonds with their partners and raise families. Rates of illegitimacy and divorce are low. Women's traditional roles as mothers and homemakers are held in high esteem. In such situations, however, men also use the power of their greater numbers to limit women's economic and political strength, and female literacy and labor-force participation drop.
One might hope that in low-sex-ratio societies - where women outnumber men - women would have the social and sexual advantage. (After all, didn't the mythical all-female nation of Amazons capture men and keep them as their sex slaves?) But that's not what happens: instead, when confronted with a surplus of women, men become promiscuous and unwilling to commit to a monogamous relationship. (Which, I suppose, might explain the Amazons' need to keep men in slave quarters.) In societies with too many women, the theory holds, fewer people marry, and those who do marry do so later in life. Because men take advantage of the variety of potential partners available to them, women's traditional roles are not valued, and because these women can't rely on their partners to stick around, more turn to extrafamilial ambitions like education and career.
In 1988, the sociologists Scott J. South and Katherine Trent set out to test the Guttentag-Secord theory by analyzing data from 117 countries. Most aspects of the theory tested out. In each country, more men meant more married women, less divorce, and fewer women in the workforce.
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